Congenital decreased activity of this organ can lead to cretinism, while its hyperactivity can cause heart palpitations and bulging eyeballs. Its C cells produce calcitonin [KAAL-sih-TOH-nin], while its follicular cells use tyrosine [TYE-ruh-seen] to make a namesake (*) hormone. Graves' disease and Hashimoto's disease are autoimmune disorders of—for 10 points—what gland in the neck, enlarged in goiter, that requires iodine?

This man was supposedly instructed to write one of his books by Raymond of Penafort, who wanted him to refute the “errors of unbelievers.” In addition to that work “contra gentiles,” he wrote one work criticizing Averroës [uh-VAIR-oh-eez] and another, left unfinished at his death in 1274, that offers five (*) arguments for the existence of God. Name this Dominican, a Scholastic philosopher best known for the Summa Theologica.

The value of this quantity for the current in an RLC circuit depends on L and C, but not R. The equation for the position of a mass on a spring has a nonzero one of these if the mass does not start at its highest or lowest point. A value of (*) pi for this quantity leads two equal-amplitude, equal-frequency waves to destructively interfere. For 10 points—name this aspect of sine waves that “shifts” the graph left or right.

A minor character in this work is Motor Boat, who survives a hurricane by hiding in an abandoned house. Another character in this work buys a street lamp and builds a store in Eatonville. The main character leaves (*) Logan Killicks for Jody Starks, and has to kill her third husband Tea Cake after he contracts rabies from a dog bite. Janie Crawford is the protagonist of—for 10 points—what Zora Neale Hurston novel?

Coordinate covalent bonds are formed by one class of this substance, whose concentration appears in the numerator of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. J. N. Brønsted defined them as capable of (*) accepting protons, while Svante Arrhenius [uh-REE-nee-us] defined them as donors of hydroxide ions.

The first month of ancient Egypt's calendar was named for this god, who was considered master of time. This god healed the eye of Horus after the latter's fight with Set. This god or Anubis weighs the hearts of dead men against the Feather of Truth. He is usually depicted with the head of an (*) ibis or baboon.

This artist used at least 44 talents of gold in a work whose subject has a spear, a statue of Nike, and a breastplate with Medusa's head crafted in ivory. He also used gold and ivory in his most famous work, one of the (*) Seven Wonders of the Ancient World that was found at Olympia. The Elgin Marbles on the Acropolis were created by... What Greek sculptor who designed Athena Parthenos and a Statue of Zeus?

This city, the most populous within the Altiplano Cundiboyacense [koon-dee-boy-ah-SEN-say], lies in a namesake savannah north of the Páramo de Sumapaz [PAH-rah-moh “day” soom-AH-paz]. Its namesake river is a tributary of the Magdalena River. This city of nearly 7 million, lying 8,600 feet above sea level, is the most populous in a country whose other cities include (*) Barranquilla [bar-ran-“KEY”-yah] and Medellín [meh-dee-YEEN]. For 10 points—name this South American city, the capital of Colombia.

The first holder of this position led the Army of Three Guarantees and signed the 1821 Treaty of Córdoba. The second holder of this position was executed in Querétaro [kay-RAY-tah-roh] three years after he gave up rights to the (*) Austrian throne in order to be installed in this position by Napoleon III. For 10 points—name this position, held by Agustín Iturbide and Maximilian I in a certain North American country.

In one opera by this composer, the title character teaches miners to read and is wooed in “Minnie, dalla mia casa” [DAH-lah MEE-ah KAH-sah] by Sheriff Rance. A servant girl sings “Signore, ascolta” [seen-YOH-ray, ahs-KOL-tah] to persuade Calàf [kah-LAHF] not to try to answer three riddles in another work by this composer of The Girl of the Golden West. (*) Baron Scarpia murders the title character's lover in Tosca, a work by—for 10 points—what Italian composer of Turandot [TOO-rin-DOT]?